| Stations: |
Precipitation |
| Zwiesel (615 m, Germany) |
0.8 mm |
| Zwettl (502 m, Austria) |
0.3 mm |
| Zlatibor (1029 m, Serbia) |
2.0 mm |
| Zhytkavichy (137 m, Belarus) |
1.0 mm |
| Zeebrugge (9 m, Belgium) |
0.1 mm |
| Zamość (213 m, Poland) |
0.3 mm |
| Zakopane (857 m, Poland) |
0.9 mm |
| Yzberish (97 m, Albania) |
2.0 mm |
| Ylivieska Airport (76 m, Finland) |
0.6 mm |
| Ylistaro (26 m, Finland) |
0.1 mm |
| Yefimovsky (176 m, Russia) |
2.0 mm |
| YamskayaSloboda (63 m, Russia) |
3.0 mm |
| Xàbia (15 m, Spain) |
13.0 mm |
| Vyborg (13 m, Russia) |
1.0 mm |
| Volodymyr (194 m, Ukraine) |
1.0 mm |
| Vyazma (251 m, Russia) |
0.9 mm |
| Vitebsk (208 m, Belarus) |
3.0 mm |
| Vienna Intl. Airport (190 m, Austria) |
0.2 mm |
| Vienna / Hohe Warte (200 m, Austria) |
0.1 mm |
| Wieluń (201 m, Poland) |
0.6 mm |
| Wick (39 m, UK) |
3.0 mm |
| Westermarkelsdorf (3 m, Germany) |
2.0 mm |
| Verkhnyadzvinsk (132 m, Belarus) |
0.9 mm |
| Velizh (166 m, Russia) |
4.0 mm |
| Velikiye Luki (106 m, Russia) |
2.0 mm |
| Weitra (573 m, Austria) |
0.8 mm |
| Weißenburg (439 m, Germany) |
1.0 mm |
| Warsaw - Okecie (106 m, Poland) |
0.4 mm |
| Warnemünde (4 m, Germany) |
0.5 mm |
| Valuyki (112 m, Russia) |
5.0 mm |
| Waldmünchen (498 m, Germany) |
1.0 mm |
| Włodawa (179 m, Poland) |
0.2 mm |
| Vossevangen (55 m, Norway) |
29.0 mm |
| Voss (122 m, Norway) |
32.0 mm |
| Vojens Airport (47 m, Denmark) |
6.0 mm |
| Vlorë (10 m, Albania) |
2.0 mm |
| Visingsö (95 m, Sweden) |
4.0 mm |
| Visby (47 m, Sweden) |
8.0 mm |
| Vindebaek Kyst (5 m, Denmark) |
7.0 mm |
| Vilsandi (7 m, Estonia) |
2.0 mm |
| Vilnius Airport (156 m, Lithuania) |
0.4 mm |
| Villars-Tiercelin (859 m, Switzerland) |
0.1 mm |
| Villanueva de Córdoba (750 m, Spain) |
0.2 mm |
| Viitasaari (132 m, Finland) |
0.1 mm |
| Vieste (5 m, Italy) |
2.0 mm |
| Vierema Kaarakkala (207 m, Finland) |
0.6 mm |
| Vicosoprano (1089 m, Switzerland) |
0.1 mm |
| Vest-torpa Ii (542 m, Norway) |
0.1 mm |
| Vesanto (127 m, Finland) |
0.3 mm |
| Verdal/Reppe (83 m, Norway) |
0.7 mm |
| Ventspils (3 m, Latvia) |
0.5 mm |
| Venabu (940 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Veggli (275 m, Norway) |
0.8 mm |
| Vega-Vallsjo (9 m, Norway) |
11.0 mm |
| Vasilievichy (139 m, Belarus) |
0.4 mm |
| Varkaus (83 m, Finland) |
0.1 mm |
| Vanhakaupunki (25 m, Finland) |
0.5 mm |
| Vangsnes (51 m, Norway) |
20.0 mm |
| Valtimo (115 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Valle (302 m, Norway) |
35.0 mm |
| Valjevo (177 m, Serbia) |
0.4 mm |
| Valga (66 m, Estonia) |
0.2 mm |
| Vajda-guba (8 m, Russia) |
0.5 mm |
| Växjö (200 m, Sweden) |
34.0 mm |
| Våland (72 m, Norway) |
15.0 mm |
| Václav Havel Airport Prague (365 m, Czech Republic) |
0.1 mm |
| Vărădia de Mureş (157 m, Romania) |
0.2 mm |
| Utti (99 m, Finland) |
4.0 mm |
| Utsira (56 m, Norway) |
13.0 mm |
| Utö (7 m, Finland) |
3.0 mm |
| Ustka (11 m, Poland) |
8.0 mm |
| Upsanger Lake (32 m, Norway) |
3.0 mm |
| Uppsala (21 m, Sweden) |
7.0 mm |
| Uppsala University (13 m, Sweden) |
6.0 mm |
| Ullensvang Forsoks. (12 m, Norway) |
45.0 mm |
| Ullared (122 m, Sweden) |
25.0 mm |
| Ueckermünde (1 m, Germany) |
0.9 mm |
| Tysofte (12 m, Denmark) |
3.0 mm |
| Tynset-hansmoen (484 m, Norway) |
4.0 mm |
| Tympaki Airport (7 m, Greece) |
8.0 mm |
| Tylstrup (13 m, Denmark) |
4.0 mm |
| Tver (146 m, Russia) |
5.0 mm |
| Tveitsund (255 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Turku Artukainen (8 m, Finland) |
0.2 mm |
| Turda (428 m, Romania) |
6.0 mm |
| Tunis/Carthage AP (4 m, Tunisia) |
9.0 mm |
| Tulloch Bridge (236 m, UK) |
6.0 mm |
| Tulln (176 m, Austria) |
0.2 mm |
| Tullinge (45 m, Sweden) |
4.0 mm |
| Tulga Meydan (931 m, Turkey) |
1.0 mm |
| Trysil Vegstasjon (361 m, Norway) |
5.0 mm |
| Troyes - Barberey Airport (118 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Trondheim (127 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Trondheim Airport (53 m, Norway) |
1.0 mm |
| Tromso-holt (20 m, Norway) |
0.3 mm |
| Tromsø Airport (10 m, Norway) |
0.5 mm |
| Tromsø (115 m, Norway) |
0.5 mm |
| Trollenhagen (69 m, Germany) |
0.2 mm |
| Trevico (1093 m, Italy) |
28.0 mm |
| Trapani (14 m, Italy) |
1.0 mm |
| Trabzon (34 m, Turkey) |
1.0 mm |
| Torpup (135 m, Sweden) |
27.0 mm |
| Toropets (187 m, Russia) |
3.0 mm |
| Tohmajärvi (90 m, Finland) |
0.4 mm |
| Tjøtta (21 m, Norway) |
13.0 mm |
| Tisinec (217 m, Slovakia) |
2.0 mm |
| Tingvoll-Hanem (405 m, Norway) |
16.0 mm |
| Tikhvin (61 m, Russia) |
0.4 mm |
| Thyborøn (4 m, Denmark) |
7.0 mm |
| Thamshavn (4 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Tesseboelle (22 m, Denmark) |
8.0 mm |
| Ternopil (329 m, Ukraine) |
0.4 mm |
| Termoli (44 m, Italy) |
4.0 mm |
| Teriberka (30 m, Russia) |
1.0 mm |
| Terespol (137 m, Poland) |
0.6 mm |
| Tenerife - Los Rodeos (617 m, Spain) |
32.0 mm |
| Temelín (508 m, Czech Republic) |
0.1 mm |
| Tarnów (209 m, Poland) |
2.0 mm |
| Takle (38 m, Norway) |
25.0 mm |
| Taivalkoski (203 m, Finland) |
3.0 mm |
| Tagdalen (450 m, Norway) |
8.0 mm |
| Tafjord (17 m, Norway) |
17.0 mm |
| Tórshavn (61 m, Denmark) |
1.0 mm |
| Tännäs (724 m, Sweden) |
0.2 mm |
| Târnăveni (524 m, Romania) |
2.0 mm |
| Târgu Mureş (294 m, Romania) |
5.0 mm |
| Szczecinek (144 m, Poland) |
1.0 mm |
| Syanno (176 m, Belarus) |
2.0 mm |
| Svratouch (740 m, Czech Republic) |
0.6 mm |
| Svenska Högarna (12 m, Sweden) |
8.0 mm |
| Svenska Högarna (14 m, Sweden) |
5.0 mm |
| Svanberga (16 m, Sweden) |
4.0 mm |
| Susendal-Bjormo (406 m, Norway) |
3.0 mm |
| Suomussalmi Pesio (225 m, Finland) |
0.1 mm |
| Sunne (109 m, Sweden) |
3.0 mm |
| Sulejów (189 m, Poland) |
0.6 mm |
| Stryn (208 m, Norway) |
21.0 mm |
| Straumsnes (200 m, Norway) |
0.4 mm |
| Straubing (350 m, Germany) |
0.1 mm |
| Stornoway (15 m, UK) |
9.0 mm |
| Storlien (585 m, Sweden) |
2.0 mm |
| Stora Spansberget (493 m, Sweden) |
2.0 mm |
| Stockholm (52 m, Sweden) |
5.0 mm |
| Stockerau (202 m, Austria) |
0.4 mm |
| Steinkjer (6 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Stavanger/Sola (9 m, Norway) |
19.0 mm |
| Staritsa (186 m, Russia) |
4.0 mm |
| Staraya Russa (25 m, Russia) |
2.0 mm |
| Stana De Vale (1109 m, Romania) |
0.8 mm |
| Stabroek (6 m, Belgium) |
0.1 mm |
| Spas-Demensk (238 m, Russia) |
1.0 mm |
| South Uist Range (4 m, UK) |
0.6 mm |
| Sortland (3 m, Norway) |
7.0 mm |
| Solendet (760 m, Norway) |
1.0 mm |
| Soknedal (299 m, Norway) |
7.0 mm |
| Sognefjellet (1415 m, Norway) |
0.3 mm |
| Smolensk (239 m, Russia) |
3.0 mm |
| Slutsk (162 m, Belarus) |
0.9 mm |
| Slawharad (169 m, Belarus) |
0.7 mm |
| Skillinge (5 m, Sweden) |
10.0 mm |
| Skamdal (5 m, Norway) |
3.0 mm |
| Skalmen Lighthouse (15 m, Norway) |
11.0 mm |
| Skagen (5 m, Denmark) |
1.0 mm |
| Skåbu (928 m, Norway) |
0.2 mm |
| Sjaelsmark (41 m, Denmark) |
15.0 mm |
| Sivas (1596 m, Turkey) |
0.4 mm |
| Sitia Airport (28 m, Greece) |
0.2 mm |
| Silstrup (41 m, Denmark) |
6.0 mm |
| Siedlce (155 m, Poland) |
0.6 mm |
| Shirki (148 m, Russia) |
0.8 mm |
| Sharkawshchyna (131 m, Belarus) |
2.0 mm |
| Sfântu Gheorghe (524 m, Romania) |
0.4 mm |
| Setsa (8 m, Norway) |
9.0 mm |
| Hellissandur longwave radio mast (7 m, Iceland) |
0.1 mm |
| Seljelia (124 m, Norway) |
8.0 mm |
| Selbu (162 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Sněžka (1613 m, Poland) |
1.0 mm |
| Zhlobin (141 m, Belarus) |
1.0 mm |
| Schleswig (42 m, Germany) |
5.0 mm |
| Shepetivka (278 m, Ukraine) |
0.4 mm |
| Schönhagen (2 m, Germany) |
2.0 mm |
| Schärding (312 m, Austria) |
0.2 mm |
| Sauda (6 m, Norway) |
64.0 mm |
| Satenas (54 m, Sweden) |
2.0 mm |
| Sarny (156 m, Ukraine) |
1.0 mm |
| Sarandë (75 m, Albania) |
0.2 mm |
| Santa Maria di Leuca (112 m, Italy) |
5.0 mm |
| Santa Maria (100 m, Portugal) |
20.0 mm |
| Sanski Most (158 m, Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
0.4 mm |
| Sankt Peter-Ording (5 m, Germany) |
2.0 mm |
| Sandomierz (218 m, Poland) |
0.9 mm |
| San Giovanni Teatino (181 m, Italy) |
10.0 mm |
| Saltdal (37 m, Norway) |
1.0 mm |
| Salo (3 m, Finland) |
0.3 mm |
| Sala (58 m, Sweden) |
5.0 mm |
| Saint-Girons (412 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Saerheim (87 m, Norway) |
16.0 mm |
| SERRALTA DI S. VITO (998 m, Italy) |
4.0 mm |
| Sărmaşu (400 m, Romania) |
0.2 mm |
| Rzeszów (201 m, Poland) |
0.6 mm |
| Roth (385 m, Germany) |
0.2 mm |
| Rosnaes Cape (16 m, Denmark) |
3.0 mm |
| Roslavl (224 m, Russia) |
1.0 mm |
| Ronneby (58 m, Sweden) |
3.0 mm |
| Roldalsfjellet (1010 m, Norway) |
58.0 mm |
| Rize (9 m, Turkey) |
0.1 mm |
| Rivne (231 m, Ukraine) |
1.0 mm |
| Ritsem (533 m, Sweden) |
0.4 mm |
| Ristna (9 m, Estonia) |
0.2 mm |
| Retz (323 m, Austria) |
0.1 mm |
| Resko (53 m, Poland) |
3.0 mm |
| Rena-Haugedalen (238 m, Norway) |
0.9 mm |
| Reipå (8 m, Norway) |
8.0 mm |
| Regensburg/Oberhub (365 m, Germany) |
1.0 mm |
| Rautavaara Yla-luosta (167 m, Finland) |
0.2 mm |
| Rankki (12 m, Finland) |
1.0 mm |
| Tain Air Weapons Range (4 m, UK) |
0.4 mm |
| Røst Airport (4 m, Norway) |
11.0 mm |
| Røros Airport (630 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Rångedala (299 m, Sweden) |
17.0 mm |
| Putbus/Rügen (39 m, Germany) |
3.0 mm |
| Puolanka Paljakka (341 m, Finland) |
0.1 mm |
| Pulkovo Airport (6 m, Russia) |
2.0 mm |
| Pudozh (44 m, Russia) |
1.0 mm |
| Pudasjärvi (123 m, Finland) |
2.0 mm |
| Prins Christian (75 m, Greenland) |
14.0 mm |
| Preveza (4 m, Greece) |
8.0 mm |
| Pretor-Pgc (910 m, North Macedonia) |
3.0 mm |
| Predeal (1091 m, Romania) |
0.2 mm |
| Prešov (324 m, Slovakia) |
1.0 mm |
| Pozharane (885 m, North Macedonia) |
0.1 mm |
| Pochinok (201 m, Russia) |
2.0 mm |
| Porto Santo (82 m, Portugal) |
4.0 mm |
| Ponza (185 m, Italy) |
2.0 mm |
| Ponta Delgada (58 m, Portugal) |
18.0 mm |
| Polotsk (132 m, Belarus) |
3.0 mm |
| Požega (312 m, Serbia) |
0.2 mm |
| Pinsk (142 m, Belarus) |
1.0 mm |
| Piikkiö (6 m, Finland) |
0.6 mm |
| Pico Airport (10 m, Portugal) |
3.0 mm |
| Petrozavodsk (110 m, Russia) |
0.9 mm |
| Pescara (11 m, Italy) |
7.0 mm |
| Pelzerhaken/Neustadt i.H. (1 m, Germany) |
0.8 mm |
| Pau Pyrénées Airport (183 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Pardubice (230 m, Czech Republic) |
0.5 mm |
| Pantelleria (191 m, Italy) |
25.0 mm |
| Falcone Borsellino Airport (21 m, Italy) |
11.0 mm |
| Palascia (81 m, Italy) |
21.0 mm |
| Palagruža (97 m, Croatia) |
1.0 mm |
| Padany (128 m, Russia) |
0.4 mm |
| Přimda (748 m, Czech Republic) |
0.1 mm |
| Ostrava (260 m, Czech Republic) |
0.6 mm |
| Ostashkov (218 m, Russia) |
5.0 mm |
| Orsha (185 m, Belarus) |
2.0 mm |
| Oppdal/Seter (606 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Opochka (99 m, Russia) |
2.0 mm |
| Opole (163 m, Poland) |
1.0 mm |
| Olsztyn (137 m, Poland) |
0.7 mm |
| Olands Norra Udde (4 m, Sweden) |
0.6 mm |
| Okhona (145 m, Russia) |
3.0 mm |
| Oedum (62 m, Denmark) |
10.0 mm |
| Odorheiu Secuiesc (524 m, Romania) |
0.8 mm |
| Odense (21 m, Denmark) |
1.0 mm |
| Obrestad Lighthouse (25 m, Norway) |
18.0 mm |
| Nowy Sącz (295 m, Poland) |
1.0 mm |
| Novoye Roshchino (167 m, Russia) |
8.0 mm |
| Norrköping (35 m, Sweden) |
4.0 mm |
| Nordli-Holand (433 m, Norway) |
0.1 mm |
| Nordholz (25 m, Germany) |
0.1 mm |
| Niederstetten (473 m, Germany) |
0.1 mm |
| Nexø (25 m, Denmark) |
13.0 mm |
| Nelaug (142 m, Norway) |
0.5 mm |
| Nedre Vats (65 m, Norway) |
37.0 mm |
| Naven (53 m, Sweden) |
4.0 mm |
| Minsk National Airport (231 m, Belarus) |
1.0 mm |
| Namsskogan (140 m, Norway) |
0.3 mm |
| Myken Lighthouse (13 m, Norway) |
7.0 mm |
| Muret - Lherm Aerodrome (190 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Mullingar (104 m, Ireland) |
0.1 mm |
| Muş (1320 m, Turkey) |
5.0 mm |
| Mosstrand Ii (977 m, Norway) |
4.0 mm |
| Mora (197 m, Sweden) |
0.9 mm |
| Monte Scuro (1720 m, Italy) |
6.0 mm |
| Monte Sant'Angelo (844 m, Italy) |
5.0 mm |
| Modalen Iii (125 m, Norway) |
27.0 mm |
| Mjølfjell (695 m, Norway) |
22.0 mm |
| Milos Airport (3 m, Greece) |
0.2 mm |
| Mürted Airfield Command (843 m, Turkey) |
0.4 mm |
| Mierkenis (615 m, Sweden) |
0.3 mm |
| Midtstova (1162 m, Norway) |
10.0 mm |
| Messina (51 m, Italy) |
14.0 mm |
| Meråker -Egge (169 m, Norway) |
1.0 mm |
| Mavrovi Anovi (1240 m, North Macedonia) |
1.0 mm |
| Matera (498 m, Italy) |
2.0 mm |
| Mazyr (190 m, Belarus) |
0.7 mm |
| Marstein (67 m, Norway) |
12.0 mm |
| Marjina Horka (175 m, Belarus) |
1.0 mm |
| Mariabrunn (227 m, Austria) |
0.5 mm |
| Mannen (1294 m, Norway) |
12.0 mm |
| Manisa (71 m, Turkey) |
0.5 mm |
| Mandal (10 m, Norway) |
26.0 mm |
| Maly Javornik (585 m, Slovakia) |
0.1 mm |
| Malung (305 m, Sweden) |
2.0 mm |
| Malmö (21 m, Sweden) |
11.0 mm |
| Malexander (197 m, Sweden) |
4.0 mm |
| Maksatikha (142 m, Russia) |
5.0 mm |
| Majavatn (319 m, Norway) |
1.0 mm |
| Mogilev (192 m, Belarus) |
1.0 mm |
| Madeira Airport (49 m, Portugal) |
0.5 mm |
| Maaninka (88 m, Finland) |
0.3 mm |
| MARTINA FRANCA (415 m, Italy) |
0.4 mm |
| Méaulte (112 m, France) |
0.2 mm |
| Lysá hora (1327 m, Czech Republic) |
6.0 mm |
| Lviv (323 m, Ukraine) |
0.7 mm |
| Lumparland Langnas Harbour (13 m, Finland) |
5.0 mm |
| Luká (515 m, Czech Republic) |
0.2 mm |
| Loznica (122 m, Serbia) |
0.1 mm |
| Lotnisko Lublin-Radawiec (240 m, Poland) |
2.0 mm |
| Losovaya (108 m, Belarus) |
0.2 mm |
| Losistua (740 m, Norway) |
1.0 mm |
| Loken I Volbu (521 m, Norway) |
0.5 mm |
| Loftus Samos (159 m, UK) |
0.2 mm |
| Lodeynoye Pole (23 m, Russia) |
1.0 mm |
| Loch Glascarnoch (264 m, UK) |
25.0 mm |
| Ljungby (148 m, Sweden) |
11.0 mm |
| Livny (179 m, Russia) |
3.0 mm |
| Lista Lighthouse (14 m, Norway) |
18.0 mm |
| List/Sylt (26 m, Germany) |
2.0 mm |
| Linkoping/Malmslaett (93 m, Sweden) |
3.0 mm |
| Lindesnes Lighthouse (23 m, Norway) |
32.0 mm |
| Lieksa (98 m, Finland) |
0.4 mm |
| Lida (157 m, Belarus) |
1.0 mm |
| Libuš (304 m, Czech Republic) |
0.1 mm |
| Liberec (401 m, Czech Republic) |
0.3 mm |
| Liarvatn (300 m, Norway) |
46.0 mm |
| Lesko (422 m, Poland) |
3.0 mm |
| Lerwick (84 m, UK) |
6.0 mm |
| Lyepyel (174 m, Belarus) |
2.0 mm |
| Leknes (26 m, Norway) |
4.0 mm |
| Leck (7 m, Germany) |
4.0 mm |
| Lecce (49 m, Italy) |
39.0 mm |
| Lecce (61 m, Italy) |
52.0 mm |
| Laukuva (166 m, Lithuania) |
3.0 mm |
| Latronico (896 m, Italy) |
6.0 mm |
| Larissa National Airport (74 m, Greece) |
3.0 mm |
| Lappeenranta (115 m, Finland) |
0.1 mm |
| Langenlois (204 m, Austria) |
0.3 mm |
| Landvik (6 m, Norway) |
0.5 mm |
| Landsort (20 m, Sweden) |
0.5 mm |
| Landhaus St. Pölten (270 m, Austria) |
0.7 mm |
| Lamia (14 m, Greece) |
9.0 mm |
| Lamezia Terme (15 m, Italy) |
3.0 mm |
| Laksfors (50 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Lajes/Terceira (54 m, Portugal) |
0.4 mm |
| Lærdal (4 m, Norway) |
8.0 mm |
| Lębork (41 m, Poland) |
4.0 mm |
| Kvithammer (40 m, Norway) |
2.0 mm |
| Kvarn (74 m, Sweden) |
7.0 mm |
| Kvamsoy (49 m, Norway) |
14.0 mm |
| Kustavi Isokari (4 m, Finland) |
0.4 mm |
| Kuopio (88 m, Finland) |
0.1 mm |
| Kuchařovice (339 m, Czech Republic) |
0.2 mm |
| Kuçovë (33 m, Albania) |
1.0 mm |
| Krosno (278 m, Poland) |
0.4 mm |
| Kroppefjall-Granan (174 m, Sweden) |
10.0 mm |
| Kristiansand Airport (17 m, Norway) |
3.0 mm |
| Krenitsy (9 m, Russia) |
0.1 mm |
| Krems an der Donau (204 m, Austria) |
1.0 mm |
| Kraków Airport -Balice (237 m, Poland) |
0.3 mm |
| Kozienice (126 m, Poland) |
0.3 mm |
| Kotsoy (127 m, Norway) |
5.0 mm |
| Koszalin (34 m, Poland) |
4.0 mm |
| Kostelní Myslová (573 m, Czech Republic) |
0.1 mm |
| Kosta (230 m, Sweden) |
6.0 mm |
| Kosharovo (169 m, Russia) |
4.0 mm |
| Korsvattnet (717 m, Sweden) |
0.1 mm |
| Corfu (4 m, Greece) |
0.3 mm |
| Korçë (870 m, Albania) |
2.0 mm |
| Copenhagen Airport (5 m, Denmark) |
10.0 mm |
| Konsmo (263 m, Norway) |
19.0 mm |
| Konitsa (466 m, Greece) |
1.0 mm |
| Kolmarden-Stromsfors (155 m, Sweden) |
4.0 mm |
North - South